Trade
every trade is fair. watch what happens anyway.
equal starts, fair coin-flip trades — one person ends up with everything
Every trade here is fair by any reasonable definition — a coin flip between two equal parties, staking a fair share of what each one has. Run enough of these fair trades and wealth does not stay spread out; it keeps concentrating, tending toward one person holding it all, and a small constant tax that gives back what it takes is enough to stop the runaway.
Concepts: probability, inequality.
An interactive you play with one thumb, on Wundr.